pay equity :: essays research papers

The American Association of University Women (AAUW) has since quite a while ago battled to end wage segregation. Notwithstanding the Equal Pay Act and numerous upgrades in women’s monetary status in the course of recent years, wage segregation despite everything continues. AAUW keeps on accepting that pay equityâ€economic equityâ€is a basic matter of equity and unequivocally bolsters activities that look to close the persevering and sizable pay holes among people. The impacts of pay disparity reach far. As per a recent report by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research and the AFL-CIO, in light of U.S. Registration Bureau and Bureau of Labor insights, ladies who work all day procure only 74 pennies for each dollar men win. That rises to $148 less every week, or $7,696 per year. Ladies of shading who work all day are paid even less, just 64 pennies for each dollar men earnâ€$210 less every week and $11,440 less every year. With a record 64 million ladies in the workforce, pay separation harms most of American families. Families lose $200 billion in pay yearly to the compensation gapâ€an normal loss of more than $4,000 for each working family. Also, wage segregation brings down all out lifetime profit, in this way decreasing women’s profits by Social Security and annuity plans. Pay imbalances are not a consequence of women’s capabilities or decisions. Pay segregation continues in spite of women’s expanded instructive accomplishment, more prominent degree of involvement with workforce, and diminished measure of time spent out of the workforce bringing up kids. †¢Ã‚     Education. Despite the fact that the quantity of ladies accomplishing baccalaureate and propelled degrees currently outperforms the quantity of men, in 1999 the middle wages of female school graduates were $14,665 not exactly those of male alumni. School taught African American ladies procure just $1,500 more than white male secondary school graduates. †¢Ã‚     Experience. Ladies increase just roughly 30 pennies for every hour for five extra long stretches of work understanding, contrasted with $1. pay value :: papers research papers The American Association of University Women (AAUW) has since a long time ago battled to end wage separation. In spite of the Equal Pay Act and numerous enhancements in women’s monetary status in the course of recent years, wage separation despite everything endures. AAUW keeps on accepting that pay equityâ€economic equityâ€is a straightforward matter of equity and unequivocally underpins activities that look to close the industrious and sizable pay holes among people. The impacts of pay imbalance reach far. As indicated by a recent report by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research and the AFL-CIO, in light of U.S. Evaluation Bureau and Bureau of Labor measurements, ladies who work all day win only 74 pennies for each dollar men procure. That approaches $148 less every week, or $7,696 per year. Ladies of shading who work all day are paid even less, just 64 pennies for each dollar men earnâ€$210 less every week and $11,440 less every year. With a record 64 million ladies in the workforce, pay separation harms most of American families. Families lose $200 billion in salary yearly to the compensation gapâ€an normal loss of more than $4,000 for each working family. Moreover, wage separation brings down absolute lifetime profit, in this way lessening women’s profits by Social Security and annuity plans. Pay disparities are not an aftereffect of women’s capabilities or decisions. Compensation segregation perseveres in spite of women’s expanded instructive fulfillment, more noteworthy degree of involvement with workforce, and diminished measure of time spent out of the workforce bringing up youngsters. †¢Ã‚     Education. In spite of the fact that the quantity of ladies accomplishing baccalaureate and propelled degrees presently outperforms the quantity of men, in 1999 the middle wages of female school graduates were $14,665 not exactly those of male alumni. School taught African American ladies win just $1,500 more than white male secondary school graduates. †¢Ã‚     Experience. Ladies increase just around 30 pennies for every hour for five extra long periods of work understanding, contrasted with $1.

colonization essays

colonization papers Colonization was perilous, hazardous, and costly for any individual who endeavored it. Sovereign Elizabeths ocean hounds arrived at Roanoke, however it is viewed as a lost state. Britains second endeavor was in 1607 when Jamestown, Virginia was established. Jamestown was viewed as the primary perpetual English province in America. The English were looking for gold. They needed to make easy money and come back to England to be respected. They were absolutely caught off guard for the new world. The English arrived in a horrendous area which comprised generally of bog and marsh where it was difficult to live. They lived in little tents or cabins that they made out of logs, branches, shrubberies and whatever else they could use for cover. Food was rare and 66% of the populace kicked the bucket in the primary year fundamentally in light of illness and starvation. Outsiders kept on going to the states wanting to bring in cash from tobacco. They were looking for land, work and riches that w ould assist them with ascending in the seventeenth century. They were for the most part worried about themselves. They were a powerless province and would have fizzled if a solitary boat had not returned once per year with more individuals and supplies. Individuals back in England before long abandoned England and isolated from the congregation. The New World offered them the opportunity the love as they wished. Plymouth state was set up by the Pilgrims, and was one of the numerous New England settlements. Land was gained from the Virginia Company. They utilized the mayflower smaller as a sort of government. This settlement had a thanksgiving with the Indians in 1621. Before long, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was set up and was a lot bigger than Plymouth. Religion overwhelmed the network. A large number of the individuals left England to discover strict opportunity, however there were the individuals who were the same than the English who were stressed over themselves and less about God. Clear time the state turns out to be not so much strict but rather more e ... <! Colonization expositions Albeit New England and the Chesapeake locales were settled to a great extent by individuals of English root, by 1700 the locales had advanced into two particular social orders. I have portrayed the two social orders trying to In 1607 a gathering of vendors built up Englands first perpetual province in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. They worked as a business entity that permitted them to sell portions of stock in their organization and utilize the pooled venture cash-flow to outfit and gracefully abroad undertakings. This joint stock organization worked under a sanction from James I with a worry for carrying Christian religion to the local individuals. In any case, a large portion of the pilgrims likely concurred with Captain John Smith that the genuine point Benefits were tricky in the early years; desires for gold and different minerals, exchange with Indians for beaver and deer skins were not to be had by the homesteaders. Numerous Virginia homesteaders kicked the bucket of looseness of the bowels, intestinal sickness and ailing health. The Virginia Company sent a various assortment of individuals to Jamestown; there were specialists and glassmakers, just as incompetent workers. The two sorts of individuals adjusted inadequately to the wild conditions. Relations between the pioneers and the Indians were unpleasant from the earliest starting point. John Smith managed the Indians by shows of power and the Indians pulled back exchange with the English. Numerous pilgrims kicked the bucket of starvation in the primary years. The revelation that tobacco would develop in the Chesapeake locale was a salvation for Virginia. The grower dispatched the principal crop in 1617 and from that point tobacco development spread quickly. By 1624, Virginia was sending out 200,000 pounds of tobacco; by 1638 the harvest surpassed 3 million pounds. The development of tobacco made Virginias grower locate a solid gracefully of modest work. To fill this need, grower selected migrants from different nations. These migrants were called indentur... <! colonization expositions Indeed, even as Europeans had a special interest in the terrains of the Americas, revelations constrained Europe's erudite people to reexamine the land, cosmographical, and spatial classes in which they had imagined their reality. Print assisted with diffusing these novel ideas, in spite of the fact that it likewise supported more seasoned conventions of imagining lands and their occupants. By and by, by the sixteenth century, the new topographies made by Europeans had started to accomplish wide flow. Subjection was brought about by financial components of the english pioneers in the late seventeenth century. Pilgrims ceaselessly attempted to appeal workers to the province. The headright framework was to give the contractually obligated slave, a strategy for getting free after a number of long periods of administration. Servitude was brought about by monetary reasons. Pilgrims mainly depended on Indentured Servitude, inorder to encourage their requirement for work. The diminishing populace joined with a requirement for a work power, drove pilgrims to accept that African slaves were the most effective approach to gain a work power that would fulfill their necessities. Before the 1680's, Indentured Servitude was the essential wellspring of work in the recently evolved provinces. After the 1680's, the number of inhabitants in the Indentured Servants diminished, exponentially. Their were various reasons why the populace of Indentured Servents had diminished. The contracted servents were fleeing from their transitory experts, to discover a vocation where he could turn out to be progressively autonomous. Contracted servents were additionally biting the dust of numerous maladies, which was brought about by unforgiving conditions. The migration of servents along these lines declined, becuase of the individuals in England being educated regarding the unforgiving treatment in the provinces. The general public was the place the land was simple to discover, while the work was generally rare. Contracted subjugation, was a type of work which was declining, and the need ... <! Colonization articles During the finish of the sixteenth century England wanted more and expected to expand its viewpoints. Regardless of Englands first province in North America, the Lost Colony, another state was to be begun simply off the Chesapeake Bay. Britains look for treasure, opponent to contend with the achievement of Spain and Portugal, and want to spread the Protestant religion all became central point that added to English imperialism in North America. The quest for esteemed fortunes was a significant explanation behind English imperialism in America. Motivated by the achievement of Spanish adventurers who had discovered gold in South America, numerous pioneers left England looking for gold. In view of this, the organization financing this endeavor sent gem dealers, goldsmiths, and nobles however not a solitary rancher. After arriving at America they chose to exchange with the Powhatan clan for food, rather that develop it, and invest the vast majority of their energy in the quest for gold. In spite of all the fervor, no gold was found close to the Jamestown foundation. Tobacco turned into a significant fortune for the pioneers despite the fact that they hadnt knew about it until they arrived at America. It was called earthy colored gold by the homesteaders since it was actually the main fortune they found in America. Despite the fact that gold was a main consideration for settlers, the spread of the Protestantism was likewise essential to England. The fight among Catholics and Protestants continued for a considerable length of time in England until Queen Elizabeth took the seat in 1558 and Protestantism got predominant. A competition began when Catholic Ireland looked for help from Catholic Spain to free the sovereign from her solid convictions in the Protestant religion. The sovereign profoundly bolstered imperialism in North America with the expectation that Protestantism would spread generally over the mainland. Alongside the spread of Protestantism, the opponent with Spain and Portugal was likewise a central point for English imperialism. Britain had numerous activities t... <! Colonization papers 1. Break down and assess the Articles of Confederation. What were the qualities and shortcomings of the articles? Under the Articles of Confederation the Congress had the position to arrange outside settlements yet no monetary or military capacity to uphold terms. Not ready to control business or set taxes they had no influence to open confined exchanging realms of France, Spain, and Britain. 2. Rundown and talk about the different financial issues experienced by the recently shaped United States. For what reason did the country experience such troubles? Both the British and American armed forces required a great deal of provisions. This caused a drive up of expenses on products. This caused serious Inflation. Congress had to make the mainland dollar useless. This made congress depend on the print machine. Printing of cash was quick to such an extent that the gracefully couldn't keep up and subsequently made the merchandise of administrations soar and the estimation of this cash to plunge. Substantial obligations were caused to fund the Revolutionary war. They would need to acquire cash (assets) and issue declarations or bonds vowing reimbursement of all. Needing to reinforce the confederation to the detriment of the states patriots. Armed forces unpaid and the main thing they could do to reimburse is placed all assets in a business bank for just government reserves, adva nces to government and to give monetary orders this cash used to settle obligations owed to the US. Morris forced Tax (American excursion) Of 5% on imported merchandise this was viewed as a national assessment and required a revision from each of the 13 states. . The disappointment because of this impost charge was one of such huge numbers of set backs that had put these patriots briefly on edge. During this Revolution: Britain shut its business sectors to American merchandise. After the war, the British proceeded with this arrangement, planning to keep the United States powerless and subordinate. American were then barred from the rewarding exchange with the Briti ... <! Colonization papers The guarantee of new wealth and the strong

Blog Archive University of Virgina (Darden) Essay Analysis

Blog Archive University of Virgina (Darden) Essay Analysis 1. Why is an MBA a critical next step toward your short- and long-term career goals? (500 word limit) This is another personal statement in which there is no explicit request for information about your past or about the school itself. Still, you need to provide some context for your future goals â€" your goals cannot just exist in a vacuum. Therefore, you should offer some existing experience which shows that your short and long term goals make sense for you. Again, this is not a career history and does not need to be 250 words; a brief 50 word introduction of your context should be sufficient before leading into your goals. As always your goals should be specific enough that you are showing clear intent and ambition, but not so specific that you are limiting yourself or narrow minded. The bulk of your essay should focus on why your MBA and specifically, your Darden MBA will allow you to achieve your goals. Again, this is not an opportunity to sing the schools praises; you want to connect the schools resources with your professional goals and learning objectives. You want to explain how Darden has the resources to bridge your dreams/goals and reality. 2. Each of our applicants is unique. Describe how your background, values, education, activities and/or leadership skills will enhance the experience of other Darden students. (500 word limit) This essay is broad and sweeping in nature so it allows you to showcase a mix of your greatest strengths â€" professional, community, academic and personal. You should attempt to select a diversity of these experiences and present them in such a way you will be able to relate them back to your ability to contribute in a variety of areas â€" for example, the classroom, your learning team and the community at large. A successful essay will be one which not only details unique personal strengths, but also clearly illustrates how these strengths will be in action at Darden, meaning that you will have an opportunity to show your intimate understanding of and connection to Darden. 3. Choose one of the following questions. (250 word limit) These questions are flexible enough that you can make a choice about whether you want to add depth to your professional, community or personal profile, depending on the choices that you have made above. a. What would you do if you didn’t have to work for a living? This question is quite malleable. Your approach might be to discuss an unusually strong passion or a philosophical/academic interest that you would pursue. While you could discuss an alternative “career,” you should be careful in this regard, particularly in terms of community service. You don’t want to raise the question, “Well, if you value that path so much, why aren’t you pursuing it?” You should try to find an idea that is slightly implausible, but still grounded in reality. b. Describe a significant maturing experience. The key with this essay will be to show change and thus the most effective stories will likely be those with a clear climax â€" a before and after. While 250 words is very brief, your essay may have the following components: before, climax, after, reflection. Even in such a short space, there is still room for a full story and reflection/introspection. c. What have been the most satisfying aspects of your work life thus far and the most dissatisfying? The most satisfying aspects will probably be easy for most to identify; most are acutely aware of what they love about their jobs. However, simply stating what it is that you love will not work all that well. We need to experience your passion and energy, via convincing details that prove your point. With respect to your most dissatisfying aspects, it is obviously important not to complain, but to be constructive. You want this constructive criticism to be levied at your company and not become a window into your negativity. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

How Does Parenting Affect Children Essay - 982 Words

How Does Parenting Affect Children? All parents have their own methods of raising their children. Some parents are more lenient, some strict, and some are absent entirely. What effect does this have on the children as they grow into adulthood? Studies have shown that different parenting styles can affect a child’s psychological development as well as the child’s overall psychological well-being. Parenting style can determine whether the child will have issues such as problematic behavior or poor school performance. This can also remain to have an effect on these children later in life that can lead to serious problems like substance abuse or depression. There are three recognized styles of parenting: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Each style has different effects on the children, and continues to affect them into adulthood. It can also often be found that in households with multiple children, parents use different parenting methods for each child. These differences can also have profound ef fects on the development of the children. Other factors also impact the child’s perception of the parenting style, which affects how the child responds to it. Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, and age are all factors that influence the child’s reaction to parenting. According to Masayo Uji, et al., the gender of both the parent and the child can determine how the child evaluates the parenting style. Mothers in most societies spend more time around their childrenShow MoreRelatedEssay on Parenting Styles and How They Affect Your Children951 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Are the Parenting Styles and How Do They Affect Your Child? How a parent raises their child can affect the child later on in life. There are four parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful (uninvolved). Each of these parenting styles can affect a child in some way. Some parenting styles have more negative outcomes than others. Some have both positive and negative outcomes. The authoritarian parenting style is a style in which the parent has the only say. ThisRead MoreWhat Kind Of Parenting Style Is The Best Overall Method For The Most Children? Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesWhat kind of parenting style is the best overall method for the most children? That is the question that will be explored as the three major styles of parenting are examined throughout this essay. I will be analyzing these three styles known as permissive, authoritarian and authoritative parenting. Each style has various levels of what Diana Baumrind classified as demandingness and responsiveness. These characteristics determine which style or category of parenting that a person best fits. The conceptRead MoreDiana Baumrind s Effect Of Parenting Styles On Children Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiana Baumrind’s effect of parenting styles on children Baumrind was born into a Jewish community in the New York’s Jewish enclaves. She was the first two daughters of Hyman and Mollie Blumberg. Diana, the eldest in an extended family of female cousins, inherited the role of eldest son, which allowed her to participate in serious conversations about philosophy, ethics, literature, and politics. She completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy at Hunter College in 1948, and her M.A. and Ph.D. inRead MoreParenting Styles And Its Effects On Children Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesThere are four main parenting styles, these four include: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved/neglectful. The way in which parents ‘parent’ their children effect the children on how the child develops into an adult and it affects their cognitive development. Parents that are authoritative encourage and allow their children to be independent, but the parent also sets boundaries and limits. If a child needs to be disciplined or punished, the parent does so, but not in a harmfulRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Influence On Children995 Words   |  4 PagesParenting Styles Today, being a parent is obviously challenging in several different directions. Every parent has different opinions on how they believe they should parent and punish their children. Parenting styles can be described as the way in which a family is structured. There are four major parenting styles that are all used today. The four styles include authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Each one of these styles have their advantages and disadvantages. EvenRead MoreThe Authoritarian Style Of Parenting Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pageschild-parent behavior, seeking to identify parenting styles. The Baumrid study and other further studies identified four main styles of parenting (Miller, 2010): the authoritative parenting style was characterized by fair rules and consequences; The Authoritarian parenting style was characterized by strict rules and harsh punishment; the permissive parenting style was characterized by minimal rules with little or no consequences ; the uninvolved parenting style was characterized by no rules, and parentRead MoreParenting: Diana Baumrind Theory648 Words   |  3 PagesMany people do not notice how cruel a parent can be with their kids. Many dont take the time to see how a parent is truly. Most parents dont realize how their parenting methods affect their childs development. Most parents dont realize how bad or good of a parent they are. Many of them dont see that their kids imitate the methods they use to discipline their kids. In fact there are many types of different beliefs of parents. But there are certain people who observe the children’s behavior.Read MoreThe Effects Of Parental Parenting On Children1089 Words   |  5 PagesParenting 101 In the world there is no such thing as a bad child, just a bad parent who did not teach their child to be a respectful person. Strict parenting is essential to having a mature and respectful child. For instance when a child is misbehaving towards the parent. Authoritative parents raise independent children, as the child grows the parents teach them have self-control when it comes to making decisions. Opponents of extreme parenting argue that aggressive parenting affects the child andRead MoreThe Ditchdiggers Daughters by Yvonne S. Thornton M.D.1100 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"The different styles of parenting have negative and positive effects on their children.† This quote by Tamica Miller claims how parents’ different styles can affect many children’s lives because the way they teach them a lesson. Every parent is different in his or her own way. In the memoir The Ditchdigger’s Daughters by Yvonne S. Thornton, M.D., Thornton explains as the black struggle in an unfair white America. The novel describes the oppression of the father and the consequences of the sixRead MoreEssay on Parenting Styles1429 Words   |  6 PagesParenting is defined as rearing of a child by giving special care, love, and guidance by a parent. (Merriam-Webster) Parenting usually starts when a couple has a beautiful by-product of their mutual love and respect with each other. When a child comes into someones life, parenting is usually a necessity when it comes to nurturing a beautiful, and a healthy child. A lot of responsibilities, sacrifices, and hard work are attached to parenting. There are four parenting styles that couples practices

Homelessness, Housing And Or Child Welfare - 1313 Words

Do you have at least 5 years Human Services experience in the areas of homelessness, housing and/or child welfare? Yes No *2. Tell us about your experience in Human Services, in each of the areas below: (a) homelessness (b) housing (c) child welfare (d) racial equity (if any) (a) homelessness - I’ve worked serving the homeless in many capacities that encompass my experiences a Social Worker, a Volunteer Guardian ad Litem (VGAL), and a Volunteer at Teen Hope. I’ve also frequently work serving the homeless by distributing clothing donations at Seattle’s Outdoor Meal Site on the corner of 6th Ave Columbia St. (b) housing - I’ve performed outreach, advocated, and assisted in locating suitable housing for case participants as a Social Worker, a Volunteer Guardian ad Litem, and Volunteer at Teen Hope. (c) child welfare - Previously as a Volunteer Guardian ad Litem, I served as a legal court-appointed Special Advocate on behalf of foster children in cases of child neglect. My duties included, but were not limited to working with a team of caseworkers and investigators conducting research and analysis to advocate for case participants needs. Recently I’ve obtained position with the State of Washington as a Social Worker for the Child Protective Services Division investigating complaints and supervising children awaiting placement. (d) racial equity (if any) – Although I do not have any direct experience in Racial Equity promotion, I believe institutionalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Homeless Children In America1111 Words   |  5 Pagesgrowing age groups of homelessness. Single women with children represent the fastest growing group of homeless, accounting for about 40% of the people that are becoming homeless today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children that are homeless can become this way for a variety of reasons. Youth can be on their own, with no permanent residence or even usual place to sleep. They could have also been separated from their own homeless parents and placed in foster care or living with some of their relatives. A child could be part ofRead MoreWelfare Reforms During The Uk s Largest Hostel For Homeless Young People1603 Words   |  7 Pagessingle mothers, including eight expectant mothers and twenty-three children living in the UK’s largest hostel for homeless young people in London may have to be re-housed as a result of welfare reforms. It has been described as one of the largest displacements of vulnerable people since the coalition government’s welfare reforms began. The mothers have been told they may possibly be re-housed as far as Manchester, Birmingham and Hastings, which is not anywhere where they are familiar. Newham CouncilRead MoreThe Effects of Homlessness Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pagesemotional problems. homeless children have a higher rate of learning disabilities than children that are not homeless and sadly these homeless children and their families have experienced violence in many forms starting at a young age. the burden of homelessness on a family has led to total break down of the family unit. Homeless Families with children have experienced ,frequent moves , separation and foster care, poor health, inadequate education, development delays,exposure to Violence, and being stereotypedRead MoreHomelessness1688 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Homelessness in America Homelessness is an ongoing problem for our society. Every day we come to terms with the effects of it, but what about the causes? By definition, a person who is homeless lives in public. The lack and destruction of federal housing programs and increasing rents forced those who are homeless to do in public what everyone prefers to do in private. According to the website, National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, the Low Income Housing Information ServiceRead MoreHomelessness : The Current Social Welfare Issue1339 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Welfare Issue: Homelessness Written by: Laura Westra The current social welfare issue that I chose to explore is homelessness within Canada. First, this essay will give a brief description of homelessness. Secondly, it will describe how homelessness relates to some concepts and theories that we learned in this course Introduction to Social Welfare, it will also look at what may have happened to people facing homelessness one hundred years ago, next we will explore a possible solution to thisRead MoreWhat Causes Homelessness? The United States Of America884 Words   |  4 Pagescauses homelessness? Homelessness is a major problem in the United States of America. Homelessness is a state in which people do not have a place to stay in for a period of time and are always spending their time on the streets. From a teenage eluding a bad environment, to an elderly citizen on a fine tuned income that is not enough to cover a rent or the tax increase, to a child whose parents lost their job out of nowhere and became unemployed are what leads to homelessness (â€Å"Homelessness ResourceRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless People Are Homeless Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesFighting Homelessness Together â€Å"Homeless people are homeless because they are too lazy to pull themselves out of it.† Unfortunately, this type of misperception all too often creates negative attitudes when it comes to understanding homelessness. Admittedly, for some, homelessness is a lifestyle choice; however, the current system presents many barriers for many homeless people that desire a home, employment, and community. Since 2011, Houston has reduced its homeless population by 57 percent; butRead MoreYouth Among The Homeless Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pages Homelessness is all around the world, and many people have either dealt with the issue or had first-hand experience with it. Thus causes everyone to think about the possible solutions to such an important social and economic problem. Whether or not anyone wants to support or ignore the issue, it will always be there. However, the youth population is on the rise among the homeless. While the exact number of youth among the homeless is hard to determine, given various information about homelessnessRead MoreSocial Problem Homelessness1065 Words   |  5 PagesApplication Social Problem Research: Homelessness Homelessness is becoming a major social issue in the United States, with many poor families and young people ending up in the street because of several reasons. This condition is leaving many people helpless in the streets and the number keep on rising on a daily basis. Cities like Detroit and New York are among the most populous with poor families and homeless people, making it important for government and other social agencies to find urgent solutionRead MoreHomelessness As Positively Affected by the McKinney Act1436 Words   |  6 PagesPolicies Implemented For Homeless Many social welfare policies have been put into place throughout the course of history to attempt to deal with the ever present problem of homelessness. Starting at the first widespread attempt by the government with the implementation of the Elizabethan Poor Law, which placed the plight of the poor into the realm of responsibilities of the community; and serves as the very basis for our notion today of what welfare should be. It set apart the worthy and those deemed

The Terrible Acts of Rwandan Genocide - 1296 Words

In between 1930 and 1945, an event took place that changed the world in many ways. The Holocaust was a genocide that consisted of the decimation of one single race, the Jews. This solemn event is very similar (and also quite different) to another event that took place only four thousand miles away. Like the Holocaust, this event is was a genocide and it took place at Rwanda in 1994. This genocide was between the Hutus and Tutsis. These two groups have a long background with each other that consisted of civil wars, switches in power and superiority, and tension. It began when the Europeans put the Tutsis in a superior position because they were the ones that closely resembled them, the Europeans, in physical appearance. It was the death of†¦show more content†¦Gourevitch talks about a character, Paul Rusesabagina, who played a large role in the Rwandan genocide. He was a hotel manager who hid Tutsis from the Hutus. He filled the hotel up over its capacity and even bargained w ith money for their safety. Gourevitch says, â€Å"Paul sought to save everybody he could, and if that meant negotiating with everybody who wanted to kill them - so be it.† This attitude was commonly shared during the Holocaust as well. There were many people around Germany and even in other countries that helped hid the Jews from the Nazis. This can be seen from Miep Gies who hid eight Jews in her attic, one of them being Anne Frank. â€Å"They were powerless, they didnt know where to turn... she says. We did our duty as human beings: helping people in need. In such a tragic time, people from both Rwanda and Germany helped their people as they could. It was one of the only things they seemed to be able to do to make the world seem less hopeless. Ironically, both of these people’s stories were made into movies, â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† and â€Å"The Diary of Anne Frank.† Another correlation that can be seen is the racism that the leaders, or leading grou ps, had toward a specific race or group of people. Gourevitch talks about the different measures that were taken in Rwanda when identification cards were being distributed to people. â€Å"The scientists brought scales and measuring tapes and calipers, and they went about weighing Rwandans, measuring RwandansShow MoreRelatedThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesWith over eight hundred thousand to one million deaths, the Rwandan genocide is undoubtedly one of the most sad and shocking examples of the lack of intervention by not only the US and the UN, but by other countries as well. The ongoing tensions between the Hutu, the largest population in Rwanda, and the Tutsi, the smaller and more elite population is what eventually lead to the Rwandan genocide. The killings began quickly after President Habyarimana s plane was shot down. After hundreds of thousandsRead MoreRe Writing History And Rwandan Identity Through The Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre Essay147 3 Words   |  6 PagesRe-writing History and Rwandan Identity Through the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre In April 2004, the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre opened to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Rwandan Genocide. Peacefully overlooking the city of Kigali, the Centre seeks to be a place of remembrance and honor for survivors as well as a step towards creating Rwanda’s post-genocide identity. Rwanda has sought to find its place politically, socially, and in memory through this westernized approach to remembranceRead MoreRacial Slurs in Rwanda, Africa915 Words   |  4 Pageshad more money and were better educated. For this reason they were seen as spoiled so the hutus wanted what they had and example of class separation. After the R.P.F. took over the Rwandan government, they placed Tutsis in all the head positions of leadership. Starting in the late nineteen eighties , there were terrible massacres of the Tutsis people. A system of identification cards was put in place in to â€Å"ethnicity.† In 1990, a Tutsi majority rebel group, invaded Rwanda from Uganda, bringing moreRead MoreRecovery for the Tutsi People in Rwanda758 Words   |  3 PagesThere is a saying in Rwanda that Rwandans must swallow their tears. They do. If they did not, they would surely drown. - (Palmer, 1995, p. 459) Recovery is a traumatic, long term process for anyone involved in genocide. Rwanda had been through so much in a short period of time. During the recovery process there were many trials and tribulations. There were many parts of recovery needed in order for the people of Rwanda to go back to living a somewhat normal life. Some key types of recoveryRead MoreThe Death Of Julius Caesar By William Shakespeare And The Rwandan Genocide1637 Words   |  7 PagesJulius Caesar by William Shakespeare and the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. The omens and nightmares in the play foreshadow the death of Julius Caesar that later resulted to chaos in Rome. The events that lead to the assassination of Julius Caesar are predicted by omens from characters such as his wife Calphurnia, the Soothsayer, Artemidorus and from the environment. Similarly, many warnings in the Rwanda history triggered the genocidal slaughter, the Rwandan Genocide. The warnings illustrated tensions betweenRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy : The Game Of Plausible Deniability1625 Words   |  7 PagesBosnia. So it was a terrible stalemate there. And thousands and thousands of Haitian boat people were taking to the high seas and trying to get away from Haiti (PBS, America’s Response) The United States found itself is a precarious position. The U.S. did not want to send troops to another battle in Africa, especially after Americans were sickened seeing the naked mutilated bodies of U.S. troops being dragged through the streets of Somalia. But, the U.S. had a moral duty to act against human rightsRead MoreRed Cross Involvement Of The Rwandan Genocide1712 Words   |  7 Pages Red Cross Involvement in the Rwandan Genocide Marcy McNeal POLS 241 Summer 2014 INCOMPLETE Introduction The birth of Red Cross can be traced back in 1828 when Jean-Henri Dunant was born in Geneva. Dunant’s character and education drove him to aid the distressed and the unfortunate and to be concerned about social work. It was until 1853 when Dunant was appointed as an accountant to a secondary firm in Algeria. This appointment involved a lot of traveling. In 1859, he arrived at SolferinoRead MoreNegative Effects Of Imperialism1139 Words   |  5 Pagesdestructive, as shown by the Rwandan Genocide. In 1962 Rwanda was granted independence from Belgium. 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Henri Cartier

Henri Cartier-Bresson has been called equivocal, ambivalent and accide Essay Henri Cartier-Bresson has been called equivocal, ambivalent and accidental1 since his debut as a photojournalistHenri Cartier-Bresson has been called equivocal, ambivalent and accidental1 since his debut as a photojournalist. Amplified and enriched, the work of the photographer is revealed in all its grandeur. While he may appear to be a hurried man or a traveler without luggage2, to quote a few of his titles, he is a poet, attentive to the act of love made with each photograph, and this is where the genius is revealed. From a desired distance, we discover simultaneously the geographer, who analyses the permanence or vulnerability of cultures; the ethnographer, who captures gestures of work and rituals of religion; the anthropologist, who reflects the spectrum of emotions; and the sociologist, who reveals the development of destinies and histories.3 Cartier-Bressons dependence and uncompromising view of photography; to rely solely on the moment in time, is why he will always be remem bered. Born in 1908, Cartier-Bresson studied painting with Andre Lhote in Paris, then painting and literature at Cambridge University in 1928 and developed a serious interest in photography in 1931. His work was first exhibited at the Julien Levy Gallery, New York, and first published in Vu magazine in 1932. He has been involved in numerous films, such as La Vie est a nous (1936), Le Regle du jeu (1939), his documentary film on the hospitals of Republican Spain in 1937 and his film on the liberation of the concentration camps with Richard Banks called Le Retour (1945). His work has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1946, and in 1947 he became co-founder of The Magnum photographic agency. He has published over a dozen books and has had his photographs printed in hundreds of magazines. Cartier-Bresson traveled the world so that he may document and present to others the human condition. His photographs transcend any particular time or place. Instead, they capture the very essence of life, be it Harlem, Madrid, Shanghai or the Paris rue Mouffetard (Ill. 2)4. In rural Europe, silent in the absence of the engine, and where everything was still done by animals and human beings, he portrays, unaltered, a societys captivating traits. At times his poetic intention towards subject matter is inadvertently socially charged, which makes his work all the more intriguing5. Each of Cartier-Bressons photographs presents itself not as part of a series, an archive selected among others, but as a singular work of art which, with its own formal qualities and unique meanings, exists in itself. Throughout his career, he upheld his own philosophy of individuality and spontaneity in the photographic process. He feels that you have to be yourself and you have to forget yourself in order to discover the exact instant and position from which the photographer extracts a moment of meaning from ongoing existence6. Thus results in a style rooted in the own photographers personality and commentary. It is in 1955 that the album Les Europeens, conceived and laid out by Teriade, with a cover page by Juan MirF3, was published. This piece presented a dense portrait of a Europe where, ten years after the war, accumulated ruins, as well as traces of hunger and misery on peoples faces were still clearly visible. In the preface, Cartier-Bresson states that whether we are just passing or settled down in a particular place, in order to express a country or situation, one needs to have somehow established a close working relationship, to be supported by a human community; living ! takes time, and roots take shape slowly One must wonder in the taking of Sunday on the Banks of the Marne (Ill. 5), how much time Cartier-Bresson spent relating to these rural townspeople. His position and proximity behind these men and women suggests an amiable relationship between artist and subject matter. This intimacy is even more evident in his portraiture of Henri Mattise, Ve nce (Ill. 3). The circumstances of the portrait tell us that Cartier-Bresson has allowed us into Matisses home, and most significantly, his life. Compositionally is where Cartier-Bresson shines. He has a tendency to have his primary subjects; ordinary men and women, in dramatic movement, thus illustrated in Place de lEurope (Ill. 1), Hyeres (Cover), and Siphnos (Ill. 4). This occasionally results in the blurring of the subject, resulting in a silhouette. This however sets the subject apart to become the focal point of the composition, and breathes life into the moment itself. The aforementioned photographs also demonstrate his ability of capturing a moment from twenty to thirty feet away, without losing its intensity. This ability of his, to freeze people in the most extraordinary or fantastic of circumstances, creates an almost surreal aura admist the picture plane. Henri Cartier-Bresson is consistent with the style of The Magnum Agency, which he co-founded with fellow photojournal ists Robert Capa, Chim and Rodger high levels of contrast and distant shots, where strong composition is only improved upon by its compelling subject matter. This is evident in Rene Burris Tien An Men Square. However Cartier-Bresson apparently utilizes railings and vertical repetition within his compositions more effectively. It is this repetition that allows him to clarify a photos focal point. The photographer was inspired primarily by Kertesz, whose sensitivity and personality remained dominant within his work depite its wide publication and commision. Cartier-Bressons most captivating work has been done on his travels, and are unintentionally politically or socially charged. Since 1932 and his first Leica: Spain and Italy, which he visited in particular with Andre Pieyre de Mandiargues, he has brought back photographs since become unforgettable. In France, the experience of the Front Populaire and paid vacations in 1937, which he covers closely, offers a lyrical and budding pro mise to his work7. After 1955, his collection is enriched with new travels, in particular to Germany, and to East-Berlin in 1962. His book Images a la Sauvette was published in 1952 in Paris (The Decisive Moment, New York) and in 1955 he produced The Europeans. His philosophy of the decisive moment resulted in his influence on Robert Doisneau, Willy Ronis, Izis and Edouard Boubat8. ! Consider the composition of Doisneaus Three Children in the Park (1971)- a Classical statue gives way to the three playful children in the distance. Like Cartier-Bresson, there is a sublime magic at work; the tiny subjects become dominant within their awkward surroundings. Henri Cartier-Bressons work, at times, appears to be a dream. Have these moments really existed, these crowds really met, these posters calling people to fight really been posted, these kisses really been exchanged, these plates really been used, these encounters really occurred? The characters, faces, expressions, clothing, scenery, streets, houses, the ways of moving, of tending or bending an arm, have changed so much over half a century, it is as if we are the inheritors of history written before our very eyes. Everything would be but illusion, if it were not for the roll of film, which turns faithfully to preserve an everlasting trace Twenty years ago, Cartier-Bresson put down the camera and resumed where he started painting and drawing. Photography is to put in the same line of sight the head, the eye and the heart Henri Cartier-Bresson. .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 , .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .postImageUrl , .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 , .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:hover , .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:visited , .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:active { border:0!important; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:active , .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1 .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue27aaee57c3ea342b031f8e3cbea73c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo And Juliet Star Crossed Lovers Essay REFERENCES 1 Clair, Jean, Henri Cartier-Bresson, http://www.picture.fr/mep/us/cartier1.htm 2 Fetterman, Peter, Henri Cartier-Bresson, http://www.visualradio.com/photoarts/fetterman/exhibits/bresson/bresson-bio.ht 3 Rosenblum, Naomi, A World History of Photography, Cross River Press, New York, 1984. 4 Gernsheim, Helmut, A Concise History of Photography, Dover Publications, New York, 1965. 1 Sheed, Sheila Turner, Henri Cartier-Bresson (interview), Popular Photography, May, 1974, p.142 2 Clair, Jean, Henri Cartier-Bresson, http://www.picture.fr/mep/us/cartier1.htm 3 Ibid. 4 Fetterman, Peter, Henri Cartier-Bresson, http://www.visualradio.com/photoarts/fetterman/exhibits/bresson/bresson-bio.html 5 Rosenblum, Naomi, A World History of Photography, p. 513 6 Newhall, B., The Instant Vision of Henri Cartier-Bresson, p.4857 Op. Cit., Clair,Jean 8 Op. Cit., Rosenblum, Naomi, p. 483

Pearl Harbor Essays (1515 words) - Attack On Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor On 7 December 1941 the greatest disaster in United States history occurred. Truly this was and is, A date which will live in infamy.(Costello 1), but not for the bombing of Pearl Harbor, rather for the deception and the mis-guidance used by the Government and Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a purely artificial chess game Roosevelt sacrificed over 2400 American Seamens lives, thanks to his power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. By over-looking the obvious facts of an attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt was able to control both the political and economic systems of the United States. Most of American society before the Pearl Harbor bombing believed in the idea of isolationism. Franklin D. Roosevelt knew this, and knew the only way in which United States countrymen would take arms and fight in Europes War was to be an overt action against the United States by a member of the Axis Power. Roosevelt also believed Hitler would not declare war on the United States unless he knew they were beatable. There are numerous accounts of actions by Roosevelt and his top armed forces advisors, which reveal they were not only aware of an attack by Japan, but also they were planning on it, and instigating that attack. On 7 October 1940, Lieutenant Commander Arthur H. McCollum, head of the Far East desk of the Office of Naval Intelligence, wrote the eight-action memo. This memo outlined eight different steps the United States could do that he predicted would lead to an attack by Japan on the United States. The day after this memo was giving to Franklin D. Roosevelt, he began to implement these steps. By the time that Japan finally attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, all eight steps had occurred (Willy 1). The eight steps consisted of two main subject areas; the first being a sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack, the second being a forceful control on Japans trade and economy. The main subject area of the eight-action memo was the sign of United States military preparedness and threat of attack. McCollum called for the United States to make arrangements with both Britain (Action A) and Holland (Action B), for the use of military facilities and acquisition of supplies in both Singapore and Indonesia. He also suggested for the deployment of a division of long-range heavy cruisers (Action D) and two divisions of submarines (Action E) to the Orient. The last key factor McCollum called for was to keep the United States Fleet in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Action F). Roosevelt personally took charge of Actions D and E; these actions were called pop up cruises. Roosevelt had this to say about the cruises, I just want them to keep popping up here and there and keep the Japs guessing (Stinnett 9). With the fleet located around Hawaii and particularly in Pearl Harbor a double-sided sword was created; it allowed for quicker deployment times into South Pacif ic Water, but more importantly it lacked many fundamental military needs, and was vulnerable due to its geographic location. To understand the true vulnerability of Pearl Harbor one must look at Oahu, the Hawaiian Island that the military base is located. The North part of the island is all mountains, these mountains hinder the vision of military look out points, making an attack from the North virtually a surprise until the sound of fighter planes are over head. There were many key military needs that were missing from Pearl Harbor, and they were; a lack of training facilities, lack of large-scale ammunition and fuel supplies, lack of support craft such as tugs and repair ships, and a lack of overhaul facilities such as dry-docking and machine shops. Commander in Chief, United States Fleet - Admiral James O. Richardson, was outraged when he was told by President Roosevelt of his plans on keeping the fleet in Hawaiian Waters. Richardson knew of the problems and vulnerability of Pearl Harbor, the safety of his men and warships was paramount. In a luncheon with Roosevelt, Richardson confronted the President, and by doing so ended his military career. Four months later Richardson

The Electronic Hallway Snow Removal

The Electronic Hallway Snow Removal This case study focuses on the public admistration and issues covered in this case study were centered on the snow removal activity within the city and the fact that all residents in the city deserved equal treatment from the public offices no one place was more important than the other. As observed regularly snow storms have paralyzed the everyday activities in many states.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Electronic Hallway: Snow Removal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Snow removal is an activity that is mandated on the local authority administration, whereby as the bylaws dictate, the City council has an obligation to provide the services efficiently without bias to all residents of the city. However in carrying out its obligations, the Manhattan public authority, which was in charge of the exercise failed to do so in a number of ways (Cheshire 1997). First as indicated above, the Authority failed to prov ide services equally to all residents according to Le May (2006), a public Authority ought to carry out its mandate without bias to the public, however the administration failed to do this whereby, in reference to the â€Å"electronic hallway case study on snow removal†, the theory of public administrations is to give and provide equal services to all citizens and residents affected by the snow storm, but the practice is that some parts of the city are favored and given preferential service while the rest of the city is left to suffer and the citizens are left and forced to fend for themselves. Thus as the case study indicates, Manhattan was highly favored during the snow removal exercise at the expense of the whole city. As a result of this biasness, the residents of the other cities, Queens, Brooklyn, the Bronx, and Staten Island accused Mayor John Lindsay for misusing the city’s snow removal reserves and showing preferential treatment towards Manhattan at the cost o f the rest of the city. Personnel Administration and Unionism in Public Administration Apart from that where the city local administration displayed open bias, there are other issues that touch on Personnel Administration the Public body undertook various activities that were in contradiction to personnel administration these include: less staff which resulted to in adequate labor to tackle the snow removal process however the city administration resulted to hiring more personnel after an outcry fry various stake holders so as to have enough personnel to fight the snow. Another issue was that the snow removal equipment was also always breaking down but it was proposed that more mechanical staff to be hired to keep the equipment in use in perfect condition for such situations.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the snow removal equipment was not eno ugh for the whole city so more equipment was suggested to be bought, and hiring of private owned snow removing equipment when an urgent situation concerning snow arose. This was however solved as the Mayor and the relevant authority authorized for the purchase of more equipments hence showing according to Le May (2006) that public administration bodies should be autonomous in order to deliver its services and mandate without external political, economical and social pressures, nevertheless, they should a Bureaucratic process that ensures that services are delivered without bias or exploited by corrupt individuals in the administration. The actors who were concerned in this activity were the public administrators who were supposed to carry out the snow removal activity in the whole of the city. The city Mayor was to make sure that all the city residents got equal attention and service by the service providers. Some city residents were affected by the snow storm and could not get to t heir respective places of work or school. The personal forces in this case study include the decisions the mayor made that showed prejudice to the rest of the city as only Manhattan was being serviced. The fact that most of the snow removal equipment was faulty and there was less personnel working shows that this was a personal force on the mayors side and also the employees themselves in that the equipment was not serviced regularly so that it could perform the work it was supposed to without problems on the employees side some of them could not make to work as the snow hindered their way. From the above there are various public administration concepts that the Administration failed to address when carrying out its mandate in the city. First, the administration failed to balance its values according to importance and preference as needed by any public body, instead in undertook activities like removing snow in some cities while totally neglecting the other areas which were in dire need of the same services (Le May 1996). Also when it comes to balancing of values in the administration of the city, from the case study, one can note that, the city is divided into three sections that are primary, secondary and tertiary that is attended to in terms of priority. Primary and secondary sections are intended to allow police station, fire station and hospital vehicles to proceed to at least one or two blocks of an emergency in a tertiary street.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Electronic Hallway: Snow Removal specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theoretical perspectives that help us to understand what happened in the case are the carrying out a research on the city’s ability in such a snow crisis was carried out to categorize and eradicate the main weaknesses in snow removal program. The use of the US Weather Bureau statistics showing the patterns and amount of average snow fall, statis tics on snow build up rates, the precedence plan invented to clear out major streets first. According to exhibit 5 the primary streets are the ones that are regarded as major traffic arteries, or highways, parkways, expressways, drives or bridges: feeder roads to bridges, tunnels, ferries, airports, bus routes, all street with areas which have food, treatment, amusement, shopping, streets with important facilities like police and fire stations, fuel stations and transport terminals. Secondary streets are regarded to have convincingly traffic example: all alternative routes to primary streets, major shopping streets, access streets to industrial or commercial areas. Tertiary streets on the other hand are all the other streets not covered by the primary and secondary streets. According to the United States National Research Council (1999), the case discloses that the Department of Sanitation assesses its snow removal path yearly, making notes of changes in routes of buses, directions of streets and major changes in the areas so as to facilitate effective snow removal mechanisms when need arises. The assessment facilitates for effective snow removal and disposal activities and problems that may arise for each district since each district has its own planned program for spreading salt, plowing and hauling snow. Snow removal is much easier on weekends as compared to weekdays. During weekends traffic is light and this allows snow vehicles to easily penetrate the streets to clear the snow. Parked cars however bring about a hindrance when it comes to the removal of snow from the streets as these vehicles are heavy and they can hit a parked car as they are turning so employees who operate the snow removal machinery are instructed not to penetrate in streets where parked cars could bring about a problem.Advertising Looking for assessment on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The snowplowing activity is however the last resort when it comes to snow removing in the city. According to the case, a total of 1,760 collection and flusher trucks with plow blades attached on them can be used to clear snow from path of moving traffic, bus stops, at intersections and near fire hydrants. Snowplowing is carried out according to precedence levels of streets apart from an emergency call in the case of police, ambulance or fire as these emergencies take priority over everything else. Snow plows work efficiently in snow that is about eight inches deep, if the snow is mainly thick, then the plow may not be able to move. Traffic affects the speed of the plow, at rush hour; the plow is generally slower when compared to the times of the day when there is no rush. In reference to the case, snow removal equipment is examined in September to pinpoint the areas that need repairs, these repairs are then carried out in later in the month and the equipment is tested in November. D uring these tests, the equipment is scrutinized at frequent intervals of the snow removal activity to determine whether the equipment is alright and can perform well during the snow removing activity. Vehicle failures are however associated with vehicular age and storm duration as compared to equipment maintenance. A spreader lasts between ten to fifteen years and their damages are usually minor that do not require a lot of time to fix. According to the case, the Department of Sanitation has over 9,000 employees who can run the 2,800 department’s snow removal apparatus. This department also offers services for whole inhabited city all year round. The Sanitation Department makes sure that it is ready for snow fighting operations by: employing mechanics on September 15th in all garages on a snow contract basis to service and ensure that the snow removing machines are in good shape and that they will not breakdown quickly, the swapping of employees and equipment from day to day and night waste collection on the 15th of November, an analysis by sanitation district supervisors of each district by 15th November, the analysis is to ensure that there are enough workers working on each shift, to ask other city departments to supply additional workers top carry out activities including snow removing mainly, hauling snow, training to employees from other city departments about the duties of their assignments. The employees during the winter period have three shifts in which they can work, from 8am to 4pm 1500 employees working, 4pm to midnight 900 employees, 12 midnight to 8am nearly 300 employees on duty. On Sunday there are about 300 employees on duty from midnight to 4pm on Sunday between 12am and 8am there are no employees on duty at 8am on Monday all employees return to their assigned duties. During a storm or in anticipation of a storm the Department of sanitation chooses from the following three options; to depend on the employees that are on duty that part icular time, to prolong the shift on duty at that certain time or to call in additional employees. Such decisions rely solely on the weather forecast for the day. Communication for the snow removing exercise is advanced and there is a hotline that is directly connected to the U.S. Weather Bureau’s New York forecaster that is used for relaying information between the two organizations at frequently, any signs storms are relayed across as soon as they are spotted. On top of this the Sanitation Department has eighteen weather surveillance stations on the city’s outskirts from which the beginning of precipitation, depth of snow, temperature rates, and speed of buildup of snow are relayed every half an hour to the Headquarters. In reference to the case the Chief of Operations is in charge of the decisions and operations carried out to combat the situation. When a storm occurs the department under the orders of the Chief of Operations, informs the districts supervisors and t heir respective offices and officers through a teletype alert system. A forecast of two or three inches receives the same amount of primary action as a serious blizzard until weather forecasts predict changes in the weather conditions, furthermore the department is on duty twenty four hours a day. As the snow storm worsens chosen commands from previous storms are used to ease the current situation. The nature of the policy system and the policy making process in snow removal exercise is dependent on previous snow storms and the depth of the snow. The depth of the snow determines which procedure is to be used when removing the snow from the city. Preparation of the snow removal activities depends on the weather forecast predictions and the mechanical state of the vehicles and equipment’s to be used in the procedure not forgetting the man power needed to operate and service the machinery needed. According to the case, the administrative ethics were not carried out as expected a s majority of the city dwellers raised complaints about the mayor giving orders that favored Manhattan at the expense of the whole city. All city dwellers should be given equal treatment as the snow affects all and not just one part of the city. The city dwellers have accepted the method of dividing the city into districts and streets so that each area may get the same service as the other despite the economic differences that may be imminent. This division should ease the clearing of snow and make the process go smoothly without mishaps such as preferential treatment. The administrative ethics in this case is questioned. Public offices are meant to serve and provide service to the public without any strings attached or discrimination towards one part of the people the office is meant to be giving service to, unlike in this case where services are offered unequally. Therefore, case study highlights various public administration concepts are parting efficient running of public admini stration. As indicated the department of sanitation failed in a number of concepts which were supposed to be used especially in removal of snow. The mayor for instance failed to balance the needs of the city by undertaking to remove snow from one city while ignoring the others due to political and economic values as he was facing a re-election. In addition, him being a public official, he acted unethically due to his selfish decisions hence making the whole snow removal process a political issue. Nevertheless, the public administration bodies should be allowed to run independently as seen in this case study whereby the department has categorized how the process should be carried out and even zoned the areas. Due to this automy the department can effectively address issues as they arise without following the rigorous and bureaucratic channels that are stipulated. For instance in cases of emergencies, the department can prefer to remove snow from a place that was classified as a low p riority area hence enabling swift delivery of services (LeMay, 2006). In addition the department has adopted effective public administration mechanisms whereby they undertake to hire personnel and snow removal machines during the winter period. By so doing, the department will be increasing the manpower required to tackle this issues on a need to need basis while at the same time cutting down on the expenses that would have been incurred during the non- snow periods. This also in-cooperates the concept of decision making process of the department. As indicated by the case study, during the snow periods the department undertakes decision on how to tackle the snow removal process using a certain process which is all subject to the budget available. Thus to be able to make wise decisions, the department relies on various other departments and professionals to come up with a final decision that takes care of all issues for example relying on the metrological department to come up with a precise chart on the weather patterns. Another important concept is the communication system that is in place in the department. It is noted that â€Å"the Department of Sanitation has an elaborate communications network for updating forecasts, mobilizing resources, and reporting on snow conditions. The Department maintains close liaison with the U.S. Weather Bureaus New York forecaster on a telephone hot line established between the two agencies during the snow season. This line is used for obtaining weather information at regular intervals, and storm warnings are transmitted on it as soon as they are foreseen and/or develop.† Also the department takes into consideration clientele pressure and government policy that are in place. For instance, during the bias removal of snow in Manhattan while sideling other cities resulted in a public outcry that resulted in the Mayor acting fairly and delivering services to all. Also there was pressure from other stakeholders who were req uesting the department to hire new members of staff and work all around during winter and also for the purchase of new equipments to tackle the snow removal and sanitation in the area References Chesire, L. (1997) How Snow Shovel, will Travel. All About Snow. Retrieved from: https://nsidc.org/ LeMay, C. (1996). The Electronic Hallway: Snow Removal. Hallway.org. Retrieved from https://www.hallway.org/ LeMay, M.C. (2006) Public Administration: Clashing Values in the Administration for Public Policy. New York: Cengage Learning. United States National Research Council (1999). Winter Maintenance Technology and Practices-Learning from Abroad. United States National Research Council. Retrieved from: https://international.fhwa.dot.gov/Pdfs/RsrchrResultsDigest.pdf

Restaurant Procedures Purchasing, Receiving, Storage, Preparation, Assignment

Restaurant Procedures Purchasing, Receiving, Storage, Preparation, Selling And Service - Assignment Example Starting a restaurant business comes with its challenges though it can be a paying job. Before starting a restaurant, it is wise research on the restaurant service and location. This will assure that are doing the correct thing and offer a satisfaction that your restaurant will be a successful. Trust is necessary to your produce or service as it may consume your time, particularly during the start-up period. There are common matters to consider such as principles, financing, handling your business, promoting, and taxation. Working in the restaurant and learning the essentials is significant first step to becoming a proprietor. Knowing your target market will help solidify the menu, determine the locality, design and the overall atmosphere of your restaurant. A restaurant will need a brief business strategy. This strategy should include: concept and goal of your restaurant; definite financial information and estimates; an n account of your target market; an advertising and marketing p lan; your menu and pricing and a potential exit strategy. Make sure the menu is striking to your target market, affordable within your budget, and matches your restaurant's design concept. Site is important in the restaurant world. It is important to find a location that has a convenient parking and is in proximity to other businesses particularly if you are catering to the lunch customers. When designing your kitchen, reflect about what's on the menu in order to fix what is needed for the food preparation area. Identify a suitable

New Kind of e-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New Kind of e-Business - Essay Example 2 Nature and Purpose of Business The nature of this business will be to go beyond dog training. Many people have dog trainers or have experience them and they teach everything from traditional training to Cesar Mellan techniques. However, there are no DVDs that go beyond this typical training to doing creative calisthenics with the dogs. The purpose of the business would be to keep dogs fit without having to walk them everyday or run them everyday. Just as humans become bored with routine, the DVDs would insure that dogs not only were exercised, but they would be exercised in a creative way. The individual pet owner could do these simple calisthenics with their jobs or they could hire a certified trainer in this method to come to their home and give the dog a workout. Many people hire dog trainers and they expect their dogs’ behavior to improve through training. Often this helps, but there are dogs with so much energy that they need to have more than one way to expend this ene rgy. According to Liz Palika, author, there are many benefits of training your dog. Some of these benefits include: a better behaved dog, bonding between human and dog, it can be fun for both the human and the dog (especially if the dog learns how to do tricks). Although Palika talks about traditional dog training, these same benefits can be used to help people understand how to do doggie calisthenics. 2.1 Why Doggie Calisthenics The word calisthenics means to do small exercises that are geared to develop muscle tone and overall physical well-being. When this definition is applied to dogs, it means creating interesting small exercises that will help to increase the dog’s overall health. Obviously many people use running and walking their pets as the way to keep them healthy, but dogs need other types of exercise to insure they are keeping muscle tone and not turning into those pudgy animals that begin to have health problems. Doggie callisthenic DVDs would be perfect for high energy dogs and small toy breeds that have lots of energy. Some examples of these exercises are playing fetch, cycling with your dog (although the dog must be well trained as well), gym workouts (with treadmill or obstacle courses in a gym), or stair climbing. All of these are examples of calisthenics that are easy to do and that can be done with anyone. Of course, all pet owners should have their dog checked at the vet before starting any exercise program. Doggie calisthenics would not be done to take the place of walking or running, but they would be used in addition to these other methods of training. They would be used as a warm up exercise or they could be used when the individual pet owner was not able to get their dog outside for a walk or a run. The DVDs would promote a 10-15 minute workout which could be done along with the pet owner’s workout. The DVDs would show step-by-step how to get the dog interested in the exercise, how to monitor their heart and pulse and it would provide safety tips to show how easy it is to keep a dog healthy and make sure they are fit. There would also be a list of dog breeds that came with the package that would tell which dogs were more prone to need more exercise. 3 Competitive Advantage There are several competitive advantages that this business would have as an e-business. The pet owner would be able to either purchase DVDs or the various programs or they would be able to

The International Globalization Vs Local Brands Fashion Essay

The International Globalization Vs Local Brands Fashion Essay Introduction: Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon that is leading the entire world towards becoming one market, a global village. With the world becoming a single market, globalization has had a major contribution in enabling the organizations worldwide to step out of the restricted domestic markets and to set up their operations across the globe with confidence. This has largely led to a decline in the importance in national borders and a greater emphasis on what the consumers actually demand; be the consumers located in the very country in which the organization exists or an entirely different part of the world. Globalization has had a huge impact on the branding strategies of international companies. Since the early 1990s many multinational companies, such as Unilever have moved from a multi domestic to a global marketing approach including global branding strategies (Schuiling and Kapferer 2004). Increased consumer knowledge and awareness have played an important role towards this globalization of markets and escalating the power of global brands such as Pepsi, Apple etc. As the competition in global arena increase, organizations find it important to serve international consumers along with local ones to achieve competitive advantage. However for some products and services the tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are beginning to converge on some global norm (Holt 2002). From a consumer perspective, however, reactions to the prevalence of global brands seem to vary among the different customers. On the one hand, consumers seem to value and admire global brands and regard such brands as a status symbol. On the other hand, global brands are often criticized for threatening the local differences and leading to a loss of cultural identity. Since the trend of consumption by our people is changing, people are becoming more prone to buying the international brands rather than the local ones. Consumers feel proud in purchasing imported goods and this has increased the power of international brands. Apart from just focusing on where the product has actually been produced, consumers consider various other factors when making purchasing decisions. It has been noted that consumers are reluctant to buy goods made in less developed countries as they perceive them to be low in quality. Brands have also been perceived as being a status symbol and this thinking is most common in young people. Literature review There have been a number of researches done on brands. A definition of a brand by The American Marketing Association (AMA) in the 1960s (Keller, 1998) is â€Å"a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate them from those of competitors.† Research has proven that consumers use brands to help them make decisions about the product they choose (Ger et al., 1993). De Chernatony and McWilliam (1989) stated that successful brands, be it domestic or international, will have some unique proposition that is satisfying consumer needs. Powerful branding will also have a positive impact on consumer franchises. As Kolter et al. (2002) suggests that powerful brands command a strong brand loyalty from their consumers where these consumers perform in a repeated buying and ignore alternative brands that may be at lower prices. Recent researches suggests that influences on foreign product evaluations may be considerably complex, resulting from an interaction of various different factors such as ethnocentrism, price, perceived quality, country of origin, status, fashion consciousness, advertising campaigns etc. Ethnocentrism Research by Kinra (2006) states that ethnocentrism, which is a psychological construct which a makes a product more favorable in the minds of the consumers simply because bit is made in their own country. Ethnocentrism is when consumers think their culture to be superior to other cultures (Summer, (1906:13). Highly ethnocentric individuals tend to accept things culturally similar and reject things culturally dissimilar (Crawford and Lamb, 1981; Heslop et al., 1998; Wang and Lamb, 1983). In a study conducted by Lantz and Loeb (1996) which focused on the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and imported/international products, also found out that consumers who are highly ethnocentrism have more positive attitudes toward products from countries with similar cultures. Highly Ethnocentric consumers believe that purchasing local brands promotes patriotism and they accuse foreign brands of being a potential threat to countrys economy and employment level. They also prefer local brands because of their better understanding of local needs. Quality Quality is a trait which is very hard to define, because it is a very subjective term. Perceived quality is the perception of a consumer about a products excellence. Research proves that most consumers perceive international brands to be of higher quality and greater prestige.(e.g., Nguyen, Barrett and Miller 2005; Steenkamp, Batra and Alden 2003). If a brand is perceived as globally available, consumers are likely to attribute a superior quality to the brand, since its international acceptance is seen as a sign of its high quality. (Han 1989) According to Iglesias and Guillen (2004), consumers pass five phases of purchase process and the first phase is that the consumer perceives the product with the consideration of its availability, quality, price and the marketing activities. The consumers will make a comparison between brands to other alternatives and then make a decision. This will then either leads to the action of purchase or not to purchase that certain product from a certain brand. Country of origin he country of origin will also have a deep impact on the consumer preferences. The country of origin effect has been defined as influences, be it positive or negative, that a products country of manufacture may have on consumers decision (Elliott and Cameron, 1994). It is related to different stereotypes which are attached to a countrys product by consumers. Majority of the studies have supported a strong direct relationship between the â€Å"made -in† label and perceived quality of the product.. The findings indicate that consumers hold stereotyped images of certain countries and that these images affect their perceptions about the country. These stereotypes vary from country to country. Products from developed and highly industrialized countries are evaluated more positively than products from developing countries. Moreover, attitudes and perceptions of consumers toward brands and products will depend on categories, for instance, electronic goods from Italy may be perceived as a poor quality but Italian clothing would be perceive as fashionable and high quality (Bikey and Nes, 1982). This would be differently perceived with Japanese brands as Japanese electronic goods would be perceive with positive attitudes and Japanese clothing will be negatively perceived. Price Price is considered one of the most important factors affecting the consumer perceptions of a brand or product (Hansen, 2005). Researchers found out that once consumers perceive a price difference between local-owned and foreign-owned brands, price dissimilarities begin to affect their preference for local-owned brands. Therefore it is imperative that we test the impact of price against consumers ethnocentric tendencies to determine at what point price becomes more important to consumers than all the other factors mentioned. Consumers need a reference price as a cue for evaluating the price of an observed product/service. There are two forms of reference price an internal one that resides in consumers memory (e.g. past purchase) and an external one that is formed during the purchasing process (e.g. price comparison between brands while shopping) (Mazumdar and Papatla, 2000). If consumers perceive the local-owned brand as more expensive than the foreign-owned brand, but its quality i s similar to the foreign-owned brand, they should prefer the local-owned brand less because they perceive a higher loss with the local-owned brand. In other words, the price difference between local-owned and foreign-owned brands acts as a moderator between perception of brand ownership and purchase intention of local-owned brands Social status Authors have stressed that consumers may prefer global brands because of associations of higher prestige or because the ‘elite class use it (Schuiling Kapferer, 2004; Steenkamp, et. al., 2003). Global brands may have a higher prestige than local brands due to their relative scarcity and higher price. Critical review of the key literature In todays world, consumers are faced with an overwhelming amount of brands available for the same product category. More than hundreds brands, both local and international, may be available for products like clothes, automobiles etc. When consumers are making their purchase decisions, they may evaluate brands on different factors such as variables like price, quality, and country of origin, ethnocentrism, and social status. Price and quality are sometimes perceived to be correlated. A high-priced product may be perceived of being high in quality and this may be because of such image created by manufactures through advertising. Similarly, a global brand may perceive to be of superior quality as quality is believed to be a prerequisite for international acceptance. Consumers today are increasingly aware of products made in both developed and developing economies. Goods from third world countries may perceive to be of lower quality standard. Consumer perceptions and opinions may also depend on the product category for e.g. Italian clothing is generally perceived to be more fashionable (Bikey and Nes, 1982), while automobiles produced in country like USA may be perceived as of better quality than an Indian manufactured automobile. However, sometimes consumers believe that local organizations have a competitive edge over the foreign competitors as they have a better understanding of what consumer wants which are shaped by their cultures. While other patriotic consumers believe that buying foreign brands may hinder the growth of their local organizations. Brands like Apple, Sony, Pepsi have empowered consumers and these brands are capable of evoking associations and feeling to an extent that they have now become an important part of our lives. Due to increasing peer pressure, these foreign brands have now become a necessity for every young person. Wearing Nike shoes may be considered as fashionable and trendy in universities. So the need to be accepted by a particular social group may compel young people to buy international brands even when local brands are available at the same price. Research Question Q) Why do consumers prefer international brands to local ones? Independent variable: Price Quality Country of origin Consumer ethnocentrism Social status Dependent variable: Consumer preferences Research methodology This study is a descriptive study and more of a qualitative nature and was conducted to identify and evaluate all the factors considered by consumers that make international brands more favorable to them. The sample for this research included the 200 consumers whose ages ranged from 16-24 years. Convenience sampling was used for this study. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The questionnaire comprised of closed ended questions and Likert scale is used in most of them. We classified our population according to gender. Frequency distribution and bar charts have been used to evaluate the results. In addition to this, the means of different factors that influence consumers preferences of the local and global brands were used to determine which factors are considered the most by consumers when purchasing different brands. Limitations As the data was gathered through convenience sampling, the results cannot be generalized. There is also a possibility that the respondents might answer the questions dishonestly or half-heartedly, leading to biased findings. Apart from these limitations of our study, the fact that the data was only collected through questionnaires provided us with the frequencies as to how many people would purchase the global or the domestic brand and what factors are rated as the most important by these people, but the reasons behind their buying patterns and preferences remain unknown because these people were not further interviewed. Findings and Discussion Question 1 Do you use international brands products? According to the data collected, 72.5% of the people used international brands of which 60 were male and 85 were females. 18.5% of the people questioned claimed to use international brands occasionally, whereas, 9.1% of the people claimed not to use global brands at all. As indicated in the pie charts above, 18.5% of the people who used the global brands sometimes included 28 males and 9 females, and those who did not use the global brands consisted of 12 males and 6 females. Question 2 If the price of a foreign brand and local one is the same, which brand would you prefer? The purpose of this question was to evaluate and discover how important a factor such as price is in determining whether the consumers would go for the domestic brand or stick to the global one if both the products were in the same price range. The results found out that 76% of the consumers would go for the international brands whereas 24% would still purchase the domestic ones. Question 3 How important is the country of origin, of the product, to you? This question was asked to discover how much importance the youth lay on the country of origin as a factor when making a purchase. The results revealed far different results compared to what had been stated by the review of previous researches done. As indicated in the graph, the youth was found to be mailnly ignorant of the country in which the brand was manufactured. Majority of the consumers (76% males and 88% females) did not consider it as significant a factor as to affect his or her purchase decision. Question 4 Do you consider the quality of the product when purchasing a good? A good quality product indicates durability, reliability as well as good appearance and featuresThe review of the existing literature suggested that quality of the product and its price were rated by consumers as the most significant factor in purchasing decisions. This was supported by our empirical findings that showed that 87.5% people on average considered the quality of the brand above all the factors. This included 83 males and 92 females. The rest of the people, according to our research findings, did not place that much emphasis on the quality of the product alone. Question 5 Do you think that the purchasing patterns depict the social status of a person? Question 6 It is said that people buy international products so that they can be accepted in a particular social group. Do you agree? The results to these two questions confirmed the general perception that exists in our society, that is, the global are purchased as a status symbol. The youth mainly bought foreign branded products to be able to fit in a particular social group. This occurs largely because peer pressure tends to be high at this age, and most of the people find themselves being victims of inferiority complexes. The results to the first of these questions indicated that on average 75% of the youth (71 males and 79 females) purchased the international and local brands as a status symbol. These results were further enhanced by the results to the next question, which showed that 72% of the males and 68% of the females did, infact, believe that the people purchased the international brands to be able to fit in a particular social group. Question 7 Do you consider current fashions and trends while purchasing a good? Owing to education and information disseminated through the media, consumers in our soceity are becoming increasingly aware of the current fashions and trends prevalent even in other parts of the world. Following the current fashions and trends have become a norm in our society. Consumers now make their purchases according to the ongoing fashions,and this assumption has been supported by our findings, which shows that 92% of the females and 85% of the males considered fashion and trends when making a purchase. There was not a single female in our sample who did not pay attention to the trends and styles when going for a purchase. Moreover, these results also indicate that females are more fashion conscious than their male counterparts. Question 8 Do you think buying international brands affect unemployment in our country? The purpose of this question was to take the point of view of consumers as to whether the existence of foreign brands affect unemployement rate in our country. The results revealed that on average 80.5% of the consumers believed that the businesses are affected by the international brands and that unemployment increases as a result. This figure included 88 males and 73 females. However 10.5% of the people, on average, believed that this case only occurs sometimes, whereas 9% of the people did not believe that unemployment is related to the existence of foreign brands. Question 09 If an international brand is not easily available, would you go for the domestic brand? As the above graph indicates, the answers to this question represent differences in the opinions of the males and the females as to their willingness in substituting the domestic brand with an international brand in the case of non- availability of the international brand. The results revealed that whereas 57% of the males respondents claimed that they would go for the domestic brand if the global brand is not accessible, 78% of the females claimed not to compromise and do with the domestic brand, even if the international brand of their choice is not available. This may be indicative of the level of brand loyalty that females possess. In addition to this, only 16% of the respondents, on average, claimed that they would sometimes opt for the domestic brand in the case that the international brand is not accessible to them. Mean number of people ( in percentages) Yes Sometimes No Price of the product 76% 16.5% 7.5% Country of origin 4.5% 13.5% 82% Quality of the product 87.5% 7.5% 5% Status symbol 75% 15.5% 9.5% Current fashion and trends 85% 10% 5% Ethnocentrism 60% 20.5% 19.5% The table above compares the means of the different factors considered by consumers when selecting global brands over the local ones. Conclusion After researching on the preferences of consumers for the global and foreign brands, and finding out what factors are considered the most important by consumers when making their choices, it has been concluded that consumers do purchase the global brands and give preference to them. Consumers gain increased knowledge about international products by television. Our findings show that quality was the foremost factor that affected consumers decision about a product, with fashion and trends being second and price was rated the third most important factor in influencing consumer choice. Moreover, a foreign brand is usually regarded as a symbol of prestige and social status and as a means of being accepted in a particular group. Because of this extreme peer pressure at this age, the youth often views the use of such a foreign brand as a necessity rather than a want. Because of this extreme peer pressure at this age, the youth often views the use of such a foreign brand as a necessity rathe r than a want. Consumers were also hardly aware of how global brands affect the local economy and country of origin, as a factor in influencing consumers choice of the brand was hardly a significant factor. However, in spite of the fact that for some products the local brands are now available in the relevant price range, and quite well meet the quality standards too, nevertheless the consumers of our country find some sort of inner satisfaction in spending money on the global brands. For reasons termed brand loyalty, and even for the reason of social status, our locals continue to regard and look up to the foreign branded products.